Aston University is a "plate glass" campus university situated on a 40-acre (0.16 km²) campus at Gosta Green, in the city centre of Birmingham, England.
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QUALITY CONTROL TOOL ROOM WORKS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT STORES - RAW MATLS - COMPONENTS -FINISHED GOODS P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P3 P3 P3 P3 P3 P3 P3 P3 P3 P4 PRESS SECTION T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T1 T2 T1 T2 M1 M1 M1 M1 F1 F1 SP1 SP1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G2 G2 G1 G1 G1 G1 C1 D1 D1 D1 C2 SP3 SP3 SP2 SP4 GENERAL MACHINES SECTION P S 7 1 P S 7 1 P S 7 1 P S 7 1 P S 7 1 P S 7 1 P S 7 1 P S 7 1 SP8 SP9 S 0 P 1 SP8 SP8 SP8 SP9 P S 1 1 SP18 SP18 FIELD COIL SECTION H1 H1 H2 HEAT TREATMENT SECTION SP5 SP5 SP6 SP7 PLASTIC MOULDING SECTION SP16 S 1 P 5 1 5 S P P S 5 1 P S 5 1 4 P 1 S 4 P 1 S SP12 SP13 SP13 SP12 ARMATURE SECTION MAIN LINE CHUCK END ASSY MOTOR ASSEMBLY DRILL ASSEMBLY SECTION
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Classrooms as cultural context: The legitimacy of educational exchange. Legitimate Talk Fiona Copland Aston University, UK f.m.copland@aston.ac.uk
Classrooms as cultural context: The legitimacy of educational exchange. Legitimate Talk Fiona Copland Aston University, UK f.m.copland@aston.ac.uk
Introduce self and affiliation.
Thank Angela for inviting me to take part and Janet for acting as discursant.
Introduce talk:
My presentation today will focus on how particular kinds of talk are legitimised, or not, in a classroom of adult learners. The adult learners in question are trainee teachers, training to become English language teachers. I will look in particular at what content and what processes are legitimised. In other words, what are the adult learners allowed to speak about and how are they allocated speaking turns.
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Rationing in the NHS
Rationing in the NHS
“ The NHS - just like every other health system in the world, public or private - has never, or will never, provide all the care it might theoretically be possible to provide. That would probably be true even if the whole of the UK gross domestic product was spent on health care. So within our expanding health system there will always be choices to be made about the care to be provided.”
Alan Milburn 2000 (former Secretary of State for Health)
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Terms of Employment
Terms of Employment
Sources of terms and conditions
Express terms
terms agreed by the parties
statement of employment particulars such as salary rates, working hours, holidays, sick pay and pension rights
formal rules and procedures such as those governing discipline and dismissal
Implied terms
terms implied by custom or practice
terms implied by common law
Employees have the right to receive written statement of some of the most important terms and conditions of employment within 8 weeks of commencement of employment (Employment Rights Act 1996 s1) – this must include:
In the principle document: Identification of the parties; the date on which employment began; rate and intervals of pay; hours of work; holiday entitlement; job title, or brief description of work; place(s) of work.
Not necessarily in the principle document: sick leave and sick pay; pension and pension schemes; whether employment is permanent; any collective agreements directly affecting employment; details concerning work outside the UK where applicable.
Note: this written statement is NOT a ‘contract of employment’ but merely a statement of those terms of the contract required by law, and will not contain all of the terms of the contract. (Only in exceptional cases must the contract itself be in writing.)
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Legal and moral aspects
Legal and moral aspects
English Nineteenth Century Philosopher,
John Stuart Mill:
‘As soon as any part of a person’s conduct affects prejudicially the interests of others, society has jurisdiction over it’
A moral duty to behave responsibly and not knowingly put others at risk
There is a strong prima facie obligation not to communicate disease where this is avoidable and a failure to act on this obligation could amount to deliberate harm. The strength of this obligation is, of course, proportional to the severity of the diseases and the harm it will cause, if transmitted.
If individuals who endanger others by reckless or deliberate behaviour ought to be accountable to society for what they do, then arguably, disease should not provide an exception.
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Ethics
Ethics
DEFINITIONS
Values
Morals
Ethics
Ethical dilemma
THE CONCEPT OF ETHICS
‘ethics’ is derived from the Greek term ethos, which means customs, habitual usage, conduct, and character
DEFINITIONS
Values - are concepts or ideals that give meaning to an individual’s life and provide a framework for decisions and actions. They can include religious beliefs, family relationships, prejudices, and roles.
Morals - can be defined as the standards of right and wrong associated with individuals, groups, and society in general.
Ethics - can be defined as declarations of what is right or wrong and what ought to be.
Ethical dilemma - ethical dilemmas arise when moral claims conflict with each other – and represent a difficult problem seemingly incapable of a satisfactory solution, or a situation involving choice between equally unsatisfactory alternatives
THE CONCEPT OF ETHICS
Ethics is a branch of philosophy (the study of beliefs and assumptions) dealing with the moral dimension of life. The word ethics is derived from the Greek term ethos, which means customs, habitual usage, conduct, and character.
The word Morals is derived from the Latin mores, which means custom or habit. Morals are the basic standards for what we consider right and wrong. Morals or standards are often based on religious beliefs and, to some extent, social influence and group norms.
Each person (and each society) has a differing set of values, most commonly derived from societal norms, religion, and family orientation. These provide the framework for making decisions about the actions people take. Having a good understanding of one’s own beliefs and values is helpful when you are fac...
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Ethical Principle of Justice
Ethical Principle of Justice
principle of justice
involves giving to all persons their "rights" or "desserts"
the distribution of various resources in society often is governed by different philosophies:
to each according to their need,
to each according to their merit,
to each according to their worth/contribution to society
to each an equal share
to each according to their effort
Most societies proclaim the equal worth of all persons and give legal guarantees of equal justice and rights. Nevertheless, there can be clear disparities in wealth, education, and possessions.
What people deserve or can claim as rightfully theirs may be based on their productivity in society, their need, or on the basis of some other morally relevant property
Societies typically use all these material principles, applying them in different contexts.
welfare benefits - use need
jobs and promotions – worth/contribution & effort
high incomes – use merit, worth/contribution and effort
and primary and secondary education – equal share
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Professional Regulation
Professional Regulation
Persons (patients; colleagues)
Society (public; professions; employer)
Self (integrity; conscience)
Professional
responsibility &
accountability
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Confidentiality
Confidentiality
Professional obligation – moral duty
Hippocratic oath
Whatever I see or hear, professionally or privately, which ought not to be divulged, I will keep secret and tell no one.
Geneva Declaration
I WILL RESPECT the secrets which are confided in me, even after the patient has died
Professional guidelines
Codes of Ethics; GMC & BMA guidelines
The World Medical Association Declaration of Geneva (1948) http://www.wma.net/e/policy/c8.htm
GMC Duties of a Doctor Confidentiality: Protecting and Providing Information (2000)
www.gmc-org.uk/
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Criminal Law Aspects
Criminal Law Aspects
Homicide
The unlawful killing of a human being
Murder
Common Law offence
The unlawful killing of a human being under the Queen’s Peace with malice aforethought
Homicide (murder or manslaughter)
Murder
Requires prosecution to prove intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm and that the relevant act caused the death.
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Principle of Double Effect
Principle of Double Effect
One act can embrace two effects – an intended good effect and an unintended bad effect
Morality of the act is governed by the intended effect
Ethically permissible only if:
act is morally good or at least morally neutral
only good effect is intended
good effect is not achieved by way of the bad effect
good result outweighs the bad result
Principles (Doctrines) of Double Effect; Best Interests; Sanctity of Life; and Acts and Omissions
Double Effect: Origins in Roman Catholic moral theology. Thomas Aquinas formulated the concept whereby it is morally acceptable to cause or permit evil in pursuit of doing good.
Paradigm case:
Doctor not allowed to directly abort a fetus (even to save the life of a woman) but is allowed to remove a life-threatening diseased uterus containing a fetus. The doctor does not intend the death of the fetus although it is the expected secondary consequence.
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Constitutional and Administrative Law Richard O’Neill
University of Hertfordshire
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Medical/Healthcare law and ethics
Medical/Healthcare law and ethics
Three key elements
law
professional codes and guidelines
ethical theories and principles
Medical/Healthcare law
discrete and developing area of law: concerned with interactions between doctors, and other healthcare professionals, and patients, health care organisations, the NHS and government
Medical/Healthcare ethics
branch of applied ethics: concerned with obligations of a moral nature which govern healthcare professions and professional practice
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