Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)
Or Cloning
How we made Dolly and Snuppy
But also how we can create “fresh”, influence-able cells for therapy
No rejection by the body
Low rate of success
Presented by Joanne Manaster,
Instructor at the
University of Illinois-Urbana
What stem cells are exactly
Progression of stem cell discoveries
The types of stem cells
How scientists isolate or create stem cells
Potential uses for stem cells
That Joanne thinks sharing this with you is an amazing way to spend a Friday evening!
@#%!! Google images!
All nuclei in my body contain the same
amount of DNA
except those of my
gametes (female egg and male sperm),
which have only half as much. Oh wait, I don’t have any gametes,
I’ve been neutered!
End sequences on chromosomes.
Telomeres are long when you are young
become shorter as you age
1869-Frederick Miescher isolates DNA from pus.
1879- Walther Flemming describes mitosis.
1895-First use of the word “stem cell” by Valentin Häcker—a cell in the early embryo of a crustacean.
1938-Hans Spemann published the results of his nuclear transfer experiments using salamander embryos (first CLONING)
1944-Avery, MacLeod & McCarty show that DNA can change the properties of cells.
1953-We all know what Watson & Crick did, right?
1966-Nirenberg figures out genetic code—ATCG—to determine the 20 different types of amino acids.
1956/1968- Dr. Thomas /Dr. Good perform first successful bone marrow transplants.
1970-Leroy Stevens proposes the existence of pluripotent stem cells after observing strange cells in mouse embryos that formed teratomas.
1973-First recombinant DNA organism created through gene splicing-now bacteria can make human insulin and more! (Cohen and Boyer)
1978-Louise Brown, the first baby to result from in vitro fertilization, is born!
1981- Sir Martin Evans and Matthew Kaufman derive pluripotent stem cell lines from mouse embryos.
1988-Hematopoietic (blood forming) stem cell identified in humans by Irving Weissman.
1990-Human Genome project launched
1997-First mammal cloned (first cloned animal was a frog in 1952)
1998-James Thomson from U of Wisconsin, isolates human embryonic stem cells
2001-US embryonic stem cell research policy established
2001-directed differentiation of hESCs in vitro.
2004-First cloned human embryonic stem cells reported by Hwang Woo-Suk of S. Korea-later this research was discredited.
2005-Human neural stem cells repair mouse spinal cords
2005-World’s first cloned dog, Snuppy, is born.
2007-California Institute for Regenerative Medicine begins to distribute grants for stem cell research
2007-Japanese and American scientist create embryonic stem cells in mice without destroying embryos!
2007-Nobel Prize for ESC research awarded
2007-Primate cloned for first time
2007-Human skin cells reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells. Yamanaka, Yu and Thomson.
Shortage of donor organs for transplantation
Fountain of youth
Replace damaged cells with fresh ones
Rejection by the immune system
Our cells obtained and proliferated
http://robby.nstemp.com/
http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/chapter1.asp#figure1 + High capacity for proliferation
+ Very long telomeres
+ Totipotent and pluripotent abilities
+ Low risk for disease - Originate from abortions or IVF
- Possible changes of the cells
- Generation of tumors
- Public acceptance questionable
+ Good availability
+ Minimal risk to donor
+ High capacity for proliferation
+ Long telomeres
+ Minimal risk for infectious disease
+ Pluripotent abilities
+ Acceptable to the public - Number of cells limited by volume collected
- Must be stored in cord blood bank $ http://www.cordbloodusa.org/articles-a5-Cord_Blood_Stem_Cell.htm
http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/chapter4.asp + Multipotent abilities
+ Moderate availability
Older the donor, the more difficult it is to obtain
+ Acceptable to the public
- Limited capacity for proliferation
- Short telomeres
- Risk of infection for recipient
- Risk for donor during isolation
Stem cell Stem cell Terminally
differentiated cell Stem cells proliferate and differentiate
Another stem cell
A cell that will change it’s shape and function to be useful to that area of the body
The body uses stem cells in areas where cell turnover is high
Skin
Digestive tract
Blood forming tissue of the marrow
Cancer treatment drugs target rapidly dividing cancer cells AND rapidly dividing stem cells, causing side effects:
Anemia
Hair loss
Digestive troubles
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
Blood and bone marrow
Connective tissue stem cells
Fat, bone, cartilage--fibroblasts
Some epithelial stem cells
Skin, sensory reception
Neuronal stem cells (NSCs)
Muscle stem cells (MSCs)
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