STANDARD WHI.6a The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient Rome from about 700 B.C. (BCE) to 500 A.D.(CE) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by assessing the influence of geography on Roman economic, social, and political development. Location and place • Rome—Centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean powers • Italian Peninsula • Alps—Protection • Mediterranean Sea—Protection, sea-borne commerce b) describing Roman mythology and reli
STANDARD WHI.6a The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient Rome from about 700 B.C. (BCE) to 500 A.D.(CE) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by assessing the influence of geography on Roman economic, social, and political development. Location and place • Rome—Centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean powers • Italian Peninsula • Alps—Protection • Mediterranean Sea—Protection, sea-borne commerce b) describing Roman mythology and religion. Roman mythology • Based on the Greek polytheistic religion • Explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events Roman gods and goddesses • Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, and Venus • Symbols and images in literature, art, monumental architecture, and politics
b) describing Roman mythology and religion; Roman mythology • Based on the Greek polytheistic religion • Explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events Roman gods and goddesses • Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, and Venus • Symbols and images in literature, art, monumental, and architecture. c) explaining the social structure and role of slavery, significance of citizenship, and the development of democratic features in the government of the Roman Republic; Social structure in the Roman Republic • Patricians - Powerful nobility (few in number) • Plebeians - Majority of population • Slaves - Not based on race Citizenship • Patrician and plebeian men • Selected foreigners • Rights and responsibilities of citizenship (taxes, military service) Features of Democracy • Representative democracy • Assemblies • The Senate • Consuls • Laws of Rome codified as Twelve Tables
d) sequencing events leading to Roman military domination of the Mediterranean basin and Western Europe and the spread of Roman culture in these areas; Punic Wars: Rome v. Carthage (264-146 B.C. [B.C.E.]) • Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade. • Hannibal invaded the Italian Peninsula. • Three wars resulted in Roman victory, the destruction of Carthage, and expanded trade and wealth for Rome. Evolution of the Roman Empire and spread of Roman culture • Mediterranean basin (Africa, Asia, Europe, including the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Mediterranean) • Western Europe (Gaul, British Isles) e) assessing the impact of military conquests on the army, economy, and social structure of Rome; Causes for the decline of the Roman Republic • Spread of slavery in the agricultural system • Migration of small farmers into cities and unemployment • Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar • Devaluation of Roman currency; inflation
f) assessing the roles of Julius and Augustus Caesar in the collapse of the Republic and the rise of imperial monarchs; The origin and evolution of Imperial Rome • First triumvirate • Julius Caesar - Seizure of power, assassination • Augustus Caesar - Civil war, defeat of Marc Anthony, Rome’s first emperor • Empire - Unified and enlarged, using imperial authority and the military • Failure to provide for peaceful succession of Emperors g) explaining the economic, social, and political impact of the Pax Romana; The Pax Romana • Two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule • Expansion and solidification of Roman Empire, particularly in the Near East Economic impact of the Pax Romana • Established uniform system of money, which helped to expand trade • Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads • Promoted prosperity and stability Social impact of the Pax Romana • Returned stability to social classes • Increased emphasis on the family Polit
h) describing the origin, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Christianity; Origins of Christianity • Had its roots in Judaism • Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was proclaimed the Messiah • Conflicted with polytheistic beliefs of Roman Empire Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Christianity • Monotheism • Jesus as both Son and incarnation of God • Life after death • New Testament, containing accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as writings of early Christians • Christian doctrine established by early church councils Spread of Christianity • Popularity of the message • Early martyrs inspired others • Carried by the Apostles, including Paul, throughout the Roman Empire
explaining the development and significance of the Church in the late Roman Empire; Impact of the Church of Rome in the late Roman Empire • The Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it legal. • Christianity later became the official state religion. • The Church became a source of moral authority. • Loyalty to the Church became more important than loyalty to the Emperor. • The Church became the main unifying force of Western Europe. j) listing contributions in art and architecture, technology and science, literature and history, language, religious institutions, and law; Contributions of ancient Rome • Art/architecture: Pantheon, Colosseum, Forum • Technology: Roads, aqueducts, Roman arches • Science: Ptolemy • Medicine: Emphasis on public health (public baths; public water system; medical schools) • Language: Latin, Romance languages • Literature: Virgil’s Aeneid • Religion: Roman mythology; adoption of Christianity as the imperial religion • Law: Th
k) citing the reasons for the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire. Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire • Geographic size - difficulty of defense and administration • Economy - The cost of defense and devaluation of Roman currency • Military - Army membership starting to include non-Romans, resulting in decline of discipline • Moral decay - People’s loss of faith in Rome and the family • Political problems - Civil conflict and weak administration • Invasion - Attacks on borders Division of Roman Empire • Move of capital by Constantine from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople • Survival of Western Roman Empire until 476 A.D. (C.E.), when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor • Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)
Apennine Mtns. Tiber Rome Land and People of Italy Peninsula: 750 miles long and only about 120 miles wide. Apennine Mountains: Backbone of Italy. Rome: on Tiber River, center of Italy. Tiber River Po River: Fertile River valley in north. Latium: Plain where Rome was established. Po River Adriatic Sea Ionian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Sicily Alps Carthage Africa Sardinia Corsica Mediterranean Sea
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Influence of Geography Rome’s location benefited it in several ways. It was located 18 miles up river from the sea, the Tiber gave it access to the Mediterranean, but it was far enough inland to be protected from invasion. It was built on seven hills, so it was easy to defend. The Tiber narrowed near Rome, so the river could be crossed. Farmland Rome had more available farmland than Greece Central Location of Rome The City of Rome is in the middle of the Italian Peninsula. Italian Peninsula In the middle of the Mediterranean Sea This gave Rome access to trade and conquest throughout the Mediterranean.
The Peoples of Italy Latins Indo European people who spoke Latin and settled on the plain of Latium Greeks Had settled during Greek colonization. Were mostly in the south. They influenced Rome in agriculture with the cultivation the grape and olive. In culture including sculpture, architecture, and literature. The Romans also adopted their alphabet.
Etruscans The Etruscans had the greatest influence on the Romans. They were located north of Rome in Etruria, they expanded into Italy and came to control Rome and most of Latium. They turned the Latin villages into the city of Rome. The Romans adopted their dress, the toga and short cloak The Romans also adopted their military organization.
Under control of Kings Early Rome was under the control of seven kings and several were Etruscans. Establishment of the Roman Republic The Romans overthrew the last Etruscan King in 509 B.C., they established the Roman Republic. Republic: A form of government in which the leader is not a monarch and certain citizens have the right to vote.
War and Conquest For about 200 years Rome battled its neighbors In 338 Rome crushed the Latin states, then it fought the people from the central Apennines, and then Rome took over the Greek colonies in the south of Italy. Rome established the Roman Confederation Rome allowed some peoples to have full Roman citizenship. Other communities were made allies, and people were allowed to run their own affairs as long as they provided soldiers for the Roman army. Romans were careful to make conquered peoples feel like part of the Roman Republic.
Why was Rome Successful? To Ancient Romans Romans believe their ancestors were successful because of a sense of duty, courage, and discipline. Diplomacy They extended Roman citizenship and allowed states to run their own internal affairs. They could be firm when necessary, crushing rebellions without mercy. Military They were accomplished and persistent soldiers. The Romans built fortified towns throughout Italy, they also built roads to connect the empire.
Law and Politics The Romans did not try to build an ideal government, but created political institution in response to problems.
Patricians Great landowners, they were the ruling class. Patricians were the minority of the Roman Republic.
Plebeians Lower class of the Roman Republic Made-up of less wealthy landholders, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers. They were the workers Made up the majority of the population
Voting Men in both groups were citizens, and could vote. Only Patricians could hold government office.
Consuls Highest elected office of the Roman Republic. They were the highest civil and military leader, they led armies into battle. There were two consuls, who were supposed to be elected to one, one year, term. The consuls shared power so one would not become too powerful, one could veto the other. The Romans hated the idea of one person rule after getting rid of the kingship of the Etruscans.
Praetors As the Roman Republic expanded the office of Praetor was created to look over judicial affairs. The Praetor was in charge of civil law, as it applied to Roman citizens. In civil cases the Praetor could act as judge, or appoint a judge to administer the trial. Dictator The Republic recognized the necessity of quick action in time of war or crisis. The Romans had an institution where the Consul would appoint a dictator. The Dictator held full power for 6 months. After that time he relinquished power back to the consuls and Senate.
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