Outline7.1 Definition
(定義) 7.2 Evolution
(演化) 7.3 Components
(組成單元) 7.4 Popular Operating Systems
(流行的作業系統)
Foundations of Computer Science (計算機概論) Chapter 7
Operating System (作業系統)
Outline
7.1 Definition
(定義) 7.2 Evolution
(演化) 7.3 Components
(組成單元) 7.4 Popular Operating Systems
(流行的作業系統)
Computer System (電腦系統)
Computer System
(電腦系統) Hardware
(硬體) Software
(軟體) Operating System
(作業系統) Application Programs
(應用程式)
7.1
Definition
(定義)
Some common definitions (一些普通定義)
An interface(介面) between the hardware of a computer and the user (programs or humans) 作業系統是一個介於電腦硬體與使用者(程式或人)之間的介面
A program that facilitates(幫助) the execution of other programs 作業系統是一個程式有助於其他程式的執行
Acts(扮演) as a general manager supervising(監督) the activity(活動) of each component in the computer system 作業系統扮演一個管理者監督電腦系統中各項元件的活動
Major design goals (主要設計目標)
Efficient use of hardware 有效率的使用硬體
Easy to use resource 讓資源容易使用
7.2
Evolution
(演化)
Evolution (演化)
Operating systems have gone through a long history (歷史) of evolution 作業系統有一段很長了演化歷史
Batch systems 批次系統
Time-sharing systems (multiprogramming) 分時系統 (多重程式)
Personal systems 個人系統
Parallel systems 平行系統
Distributed systems 分散式系統
Batch Systems (批次系統)
Each program (程式) to be executed (執行)was called a job (工作) 每一個要被執行的程式稱為工作
The programmer did not have any control or interaction with the system 程式設計師無法直接控制系統或與其互動
Only ensured all of the resources were transferred from one job to the next 只確保所有的資源從一個工作被移轉到下一個
Time-Sharing Systems (分時系統)
To use computer system resources efficiently, multiprogramming was introduced (多重程式) 為了要有效率使用電腦系統資源，故導入多重程式
Multiprogramming brought the idea of time sharing (分時) 多重程式帶來分時的概念
The operating system had to do scheduling (排程) 作業系統具備排程
A process (程序) is a program that is in memory and waiting for resources 一個程序就是儲存再記憶體中等待資源的一個程式
Personal Systems (個人系統)
Single-user operating systems 單一使用者作業系統
Example
DOS (Disk Operating System) (磁碟作業系統)
Parallel Systems (平行系統)
The need for more speed (速度) and efficiency (效率) led to the design of parallel systems (平行系統) 由於有更高的速度與效率上的需求帶動了平行系統的設計
Multiple CPUs on the same machine 在同一部電腦上有多個CPU
Each CPU can be used to serve one program or a part of a program 每個CPU可以執行一個程式或是一個程式的某個部份
Many tasks (任務) can be accomplished (完成) in parallel (平行) instead of serially (循序) 許多任務能夠在平行而非循序的情況下完成執行
Distributed Systems (分散式系統)
Networking and internetworking 網路與互聯網
A job be shared between computers 一個工作能被多台電腦分享
A program can be run partially (部分) on one computer and partially on another computer 一個程式可在一台電腦上執行一部份在另一台電腦執行一部份
7.3
Components
(組成單元)
Components of an Operating System Operating System
(作業系統) Memory
Manager
(記憶體管理者) Process
Manager
(行程管理者) Device
Manager
(設備管理者) File
Manager
(檔案管理者) User Interface
(使用者介面)
Memory Manager (記憶體管理者)
Monoprogramming (單一程式)
Multiprogramming (多重程式)
Monoprogramming (單一程式)
Most of the memory capacity is dedicated to one single program 大多數的記憶體容量都配置給單一程式
It is replaced by another program when the program finishes running
當記憶體在程式執行完後才能提供給另一個程式使用
Several problems
If the size of memory is less than the size of the program, it cannot be run 當程式大於記憶體的大小時無法被執行
When one program is being run, no other program can be executed 當一個程式執行時，無法執行其他程式
Multiprogramming (多重程式)
More than one program is in memory at the same time 同一時間有多個程式在記憶體中
Executed concurrently 同時執行
CPU switches between the programs CPU在程式之間切換
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