Network MaskThe default subnet mask are: Class A: 255.0.0.0 Class B: 255.255.0.0 Class C: 255.255.255.0 8.20.15.1 = 00001000.00010100.00001111.00000001 255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 ----------------------------------- net id | host id netid = 00001000 = 8 hostid = 00010100.00001111.00000001 = 20.15.1 Class A IP_Address Class A Mask
Introduction to Internet Protocol, Heterogeneous and all-IP Networks
By Pradip Paudyal
What is the Internet?
A communication infrastructure usefulness is in exchanging information
What is a protocol?
A protocol is a collection of rules and procedures for two computers to exchange information Protocol also defines the format of data that is being exchanged
What is TCP/IP?
TCP/IP is a set of protocols developed to allow cooperating computers to share resources across a network. TCP stands for “Transmission Control Protocol” IP stands for “Internet Protocol” They are Transport layer and Network layer protocols respectively of the protocol suite The most well known network that adopted TCP/IP is Internet – the biggest WAN in the world
IP Addresses
It is the identification of a host or router in the networks It is data oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packet switched networks IP (Version 4) Addresses are 32 bits long IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long
Not enough Addresses in IPv4
IPv4 Addresses
IP address has two parts i.e. Network ID and Host ID Network ID tells us the which NW the particular PC belongs to. Node/Host ID defines the unique deceives within a network. Number of bits allocated to specify network varies 18.26.0.1 network 32-bits host
IPv4 address: a 32-bit number, usually written in dotted decimal form, that uniquely identifies an interface of some computer Host Address: another term for IP address Network: a group of hosts, all of which have an identical beginning position of their IP addresses. Network Number: a 32-bit number that represent a network and it cant be assigned as IP address of a host Network address: another term for the network number. Broadcast address: a 32-bit number that is used to address all hosts in the network. It cant be assigned as an IP address of a host.
IP address cont….
Classes of IP address
It helps us to determine how the four bytes/ 32 bits IP address is divided in to network and node ID Different classes of IP address are used depending on their size of network. First 8 bits of IP address is enough to determine the class of IP addresses.
IP address cont….
Few IP address that can not be used are 0.0.0.0: Refers to default route used by the IP in routing table 127.0.0.0: reserved for loopback. IP address with all host bit set to “0” : It refers to actual network itself e.g. 192.168.0.0 IP address with all host bit set to “1”: It refers to as network broadcast address e.g. 192.168.255.255 is a class C IP. IP address with all bit set to “1”: Refers to broadcast address e.g. 255.255.255.255
Subnet Mask and Sub-netting
Subnet: a group of hosts, all of which have an identical portion of their IP addresses, a subnet differs from a network in that a subnet is a further subdivision of a network. At least default subnet-mask must be used for every class of IP address. All the IP address which uses default subnet mask is known as “Class full IP address”; And the IP addresses which uses other than default subnet mask by creating a subnet ID known as “Class-less IP addresses”
Network Mask
The default subnet mask are: Class A: 255.0.0.0 Class B: 255.255.0.0 Class C: 255.255.255.0 8.20.15.1 = 00001000.00010100.00001111.00000001 255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 ----------------------------------- net id | host id netid = 00001000 = 8 hostid = 00010100.00001111.00000001 = 20.15.1 Class A IP_Address Class A Mask
Sub-netting the networks help us to partition the network in to a smaller network according to the need of company which helps to reduce the traffic and hides the complexity of the networks i.e. the process of subdividing networks into smaller subnets. Subnet mask: A 32-bit combination used to describe which portion of an address refers to the subnet and which part refers to the host. Address mask: another term for a mask Interface: A network connection.
Sub-netting
Understanding Sub-netting
Sub-netting allows you to create multiple logical networks that exist within a single Class A, B, or C network When sub-netting, a third part of IP address appears in the middle of the address—namely, the subnet part of the address. The size of the network part never shrinks. Network (8) Subnet (24-x) Host (x) Class A Network (16) Subnet (16-x) Host (x) Class B Network (24) Subnet (8-x) Host (x) Class C
Sub-netting Examples
E.g. 192.168.0.5 255.255.255.0 -default subnet mask E.g. Sub-netting; 192.168.0.5 and 255.255.255.224 11000000. 10101000. 00000000. 000 00101 11 11 1 1 1 1. 11 1 111 1 1 . 1 1 11 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 00000 Network ID Subnet ID Host ID Here, 3 bit is borrowed from the host ID to create subnet ID. Hence 2^3=8 different network can be created and 256/8=32 different host in each network and IP that can be used in each network is 32-2=30
Sub-netting Examples cont….
Determing the host per subnet Remarks Determining Subnets Low High ooo oooo1 11110 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.30 0 and 31 can’t be used oo1 oooo1 11110 192.168.0.33 192.168.0.62 and so on
Examples
given a Class C network of 204.17.5.0 which has a natural mask of 255.255.255.0, you can create subnets in this manner: 204.17.5.0 - 11001100.00010001.00000101.00000000 255.255.255.224 – 1 1 1 1 1111.1 1 1 1 1 1 11.11 1 1 1 1 11.11100000 -------------------------|sub|---- With these three sub-net bits, it is possible to create eight subnets
Sub-netting
With the remaining five host ID bits, each subnet can have up to 32 host addresses: 204.17.5.0 255.255.255.224 host address range 1 to 30 204.17.5.32 255.255.255.224 host address range 33 to 62 204.17.5.64 255.255.255.224 host address range 65 to 94 204.17.5.96 255.255.255.224 host address range 97 to 126 204.17.5.128 255.255.255.224 host address range 129 to 158 204.17.5.160 255.255.255.224 host address range 161 to 190 204.17.5.192 255.255.255.224 host address range 193 to 222 204.17.5.224 255.255.255.224 host address range 225 to 254
Sub-netting
the mask of 255.255.255.224 can also be denoted as /27 as there are 27 bits that are set in the mask For example, 204.17.5.32/27 denotes the network 204.17.5.32 255.255.255.224.
Introduction to Heterogeneous Networks and ALL-IP Networks
Next-generation Wireless Internet Heterogeneous Networks Including different access networks GPRS, WLAN, MANET (mobile ad hoc) Vertical/Horizontal handoffs All-IP Architecture and Connectivity Terminals with Software-Based Radio Interfaces
<a href="http://www.slidefinder.net/n/network_mask/32808323" class="slidefinder">Introduction toAll IP network and Internet Protocol-V4</a>
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