Operation of computer?
Programming?
Web browsing?
email?
Homepages?
ICQ?
IT Education
IT Education IT in Education Learning IT Knowledge Applying IT Knowledge in Education How to use a piece of courseware to teach?
How to use a website to enhance learning?
….. How to design a website?
How to develop a network?
Exemplar Use of IT in Ed
Computer-aided Instruction (CAI)
Simulation and Games
Productivity Tools (Excel, Database)
Computer-controlled Media (Webclass)
What IT can help?
Higher score?
Higher motivation?
What required? Factual knowledge or genetic skills?
Problem solving, creativity, communication, collaboration
What IT brings
Traditional Practice for Education
Our educational system was designed to teach students the basic facts and survival skills needed to work in industry and agriculture. (Not much change over the last hundred years.)
Assumptions:
All students learn the same way.
The teacher’s job is more of pouring facts .
Students will work individually, absorb facts, and sit quietly in rows.
Cognitive Theories Behaviorism Constructivism ACT* (Atomic Components of Thought) (J. Anderson)
Algo-Heuristic Theory (L. Landa)
Anchored Instruction (J. Bransford & the CTGV)
Component Display Theory (M.D. Merrill)
Conditions of Learning (R. Gagne)
Connectionism
Constructivist Theory (J. Bruner)
Conversation Theory (G. Pask)
Criterion Referenced Instruction
Elaboration Theory (C. Reigeluth)
Genetic Epistemology (J. Piaget)
Gestalt Theory (M. Wertheimer)
GOMS (Card, Moran & Newell)
Information Processing Theory (G.A. Miller)
Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner)
Situated Learning (J. Lave)
Social Development (L. Vygotsky)
Paradigm Shift in Learning/Teaching
Constructivist approach Information Technology Direct
instruction
Constructivism
Past Knowledge Environment select and transform information Construct hypotheses Make decisions Learner
Theoretical foundations of Constructivism
More about Constructivism Learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge; the learner selects and transforms information, constructs hypotheses, and makes decisions, relying on a cognitive structure to do so
Principles of Constructivism
Instruction must be concerned with the experiences and contexts that make the student willing and able to learn (readiness).
Instruction must be structured so that it can be easily grasped by the student (spiral organization).
Instruction should be designed to facilitate extrapolation and or fill in the gaps (going beyond the information given).
Examples of Activities demonstrating the Use of Constructivism
Situation Learning
Anchored Learning
Learning with WWW
Lecturing
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