Invasion of the Kingdom of England by William the Conqueror Battle of Hastings - 1066 Bayeux Tapestry 3 Claimants to the Crown Harold Godwineson King Harald of Norway William (Duke of Normandy) Watershed in English history Created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe Linked England with Continental Europe Set the stage for English-French conflict Changed the English language and culture Near total loss for Anglo-Saxon aristocracy Last successful military conquest of England
England 1066 - 1307
Establishment of Norman Monarchy Great Council replaces Witan Wars in France Henry II (r. 1154 – 1189) – expands territory Eleanor of Aquitaine – vast lands in France Richard I – Lion-Hearted (r. 1189 – 1199) Serious warrior John (r. 1199 – 1216) – incompetent king Magna Carta – 1215 Kings are not above the law King Could Not Collect Any New Tax Without the Consent of the Great Council King could not violate due process of law An accused Person Was Entitled to a Trial by a Jury of Peers Parliament – institution able to restrict power of the king Knights & burgesses elected Becomes House of Commons & House of Lords
Population of Europe Expands
In the 11th cen., people began to move outward into the wilderness, in what is known as the "great clearances" During the High Middle Ages, forests and marshes were cleared and cultivated Settlements moved beyond the traditional boundaries of the Frankish Empire to new frontiers in eastern Europe, beyond the Elbe River, tripling the size of Germany in the process Reasons for this expansion and colonization include An improving climate known as the Medieval warm period allowing longer & more productive growing seasons End of raids by Vikings & Magyars resulting in greater political stability Advancements in medieval technology allowing more land to be farmed Reforms of the Church in the 11th century further increasing social stability The rise of Feudalism, which also brought increased social stability and more mobility
Emergence of Cities
Emergence of Cities
Between 1150 and 1200 the number of chartered cities in the Holy Roman Empire tripled from 200 to 600 New Cities – vitality and squalor Serfs flocked to the cities looking for opportunities Serfs who lived within a city for a year and a day were no longer bound to the land “Town air makes men free” Tried to maintain independence of local lords and clergy Independent charters from king Developed their own municipal administration Communes – revolutions to gain independence of cities
Trade and Commerce
Trade drove the urban explosion Cities grew on the trade routes Italy, Flanders, France, Germany New class of long-distance merchants Traders began to create their own communities Traders formed partnerships to share the rewards and the risks Venture capitalists Merchant Fairs Champagne region of France Marco Polo - Venetian traveled to Silk Road to China Led to new trade with East
Medieval Guilds
Chief mechanism for organizing, regulating and restricting trade Fixed career path for skilled workers Lengthy period of apprenticeship – 4 to 12 years Craftsmen would acquire independent professional status by producing a masterpiece Developed into trade associations designed to supervise business activity and protect the interests of its members Regulated working day Ensured that work was done to an acceptable standard Laid down rates of pay Negative: restricted entry into a profession, forbade price cutting or advertising, and discouraged competition and innovation
Expansion of Education
Merchant class spurred need to create more secular education system Need for clerks and government officials who could read and write and understand accounts Cathedral and monastic schools restricted admission to the Church Most new universities were founded from pre-existing Catholic schools University of Salerno (9th century) University of Bologna (1088) University of Paris (c. 1100 Students flocked to study under famed teachers At first, anyone could teach First universities were corporations of students & teachers modeled on guilds Guild’s duties included hiring faculty Students could dock faculty wages
Universities
Three Types of Universities students hired and paid for the teachers - Bologna teachers were paid by the church - Paris supported by the crown and the state – Oxford Universities became more organized Set regulations for dress Provided living accommodations By 13th cen. rules introduced for teachers Six years of study to be a lecturer Eight years & 35 years old to teach theology Students entered the University at fourteen to fifteen years of age
Universities
University studies took six years for a Bachelor degree and up to twelve additional years for a master's degree and doctorate Specialties at universities Bologna for legal studies Salerno for medicine Paris known as the “queen of theology” Subjects of higher education Trivium – grammar, rhetoric and logic Quadrivium – arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music everyone had to take the same courses Town and gown relations often stormy Civil authorities regularly censor students for riotous behavior Students were afforded the legal protection of the clergy
Scholasticism
Dominant philosophical, scientific and theological movement of the Middle Ages Efforts of European intellectuals to reconcile reason and faith Reaction to contact with Muslim and reintroduction of Classical literature Depended much on the work of Aristotle Peter Abelard – French priest – 1079 –1142 Lectures at cathedral school of Notre Dame in Paris Disastrous love affair with Heloise Sic et Non – Yes and No collected statements from the Bible and Church leaders which contradicted each other Believed that reason could resolve the contractions Church under Bernard of Clairvaux charged Abelard with heresy
Scholasticism
St. Anselm – Benedictine monk – 1079 – 1142 Belief - no conflict separating man’s spiritual & rational natures Joined reason and faith in credo – “I believe in order to understand” Thomas Aquinas, Dominican, 1225 – 1274 Made every effort to prove that faith and reason could be reconciled Believed in two orders of truth Reason – could demonstrate propositions such as the existence of God Faith – things like the nature of the Trinity must be accepted Universe as a great chain of being Omnipotent God called everything into being, with everything had its place Man occupied a place midway between the material and the spiritual Reason gave human beings the power to understand some things Two great works – Summa contra Gentiles & Summa Theologica Canonized after death in 1274
Scholasticism and Science
Scientific Method – Europeans started to systematically observe and investigate the physical universe Spurred by newly translated Greek and Arabic sources Robert Grosseteste - English bishop and scholar Aristotelian Developed an early system of experimental methodology with an emphasis on observation, hypothesis and verification Tried to demonstrate that the world was round Experiments on the refraction of light Roger Bacon – 1214 1294 Looked for practical applications - telescope Argued that observation should guide reason
Castles
Chivalry
Ideals associated with knighthood French word chevalier which means “knight” Honor is the foundational and guiding principle Three basic areas 1. Relation to countrymen and fellow Christians mercy, courage, valor, fairness, protection of the weak and poor, servant-hood to lord warrior chivalry - chief duty is to his lord 2. Relation to God being faithful to the church, being the champion of good against evil, being generous and obeying God above all 3. Relation to women idea that the knight is to serve a lady general gentleness and graciousness to all women Courtly love
Chivalric Codes
Thou shalt believe all that the Church teaches, and shalt observe all its directions. Thou shalt defend the Church. Thou shalt respect all weaknesses, and shalt constitute thyself the defender of them. Thou shalt love the country in which thou wast born. Thou shalt not recoil before thine enemy. Thou shalt make war against the Infidel without cessation, and without mercy. Thou shalt perform scrupulously thy feudal duties, if they be not contrary to the laws of God. Thou shalt never lie, and shall remain faithful to thy pledged word. Thou shalt be generous, and give largess to everyone. Thou shalt be everywhere and always the champion of the Right and the Good against Injustice and Evil.
Courtly Love
System of attitudes, myths and etiquette Governed the real and idealized behavior of knights and their ladies System of admiration and courtship Idea that a noble man would dedicate his life to the love of a lady Such a love could not exist within marriage Standards of etiquette and custom varied Chaste or Platonic admiration Intention of consummation expressed Non-Christian tradition Alternative to the love of God and the Church Condemed by Church as heretical Spawned Romance literary genre Courtly love most commonly expressed in the compositions of the troubadours, and poets
Courtly Love
Andreas Capellanus 12th century author The Art of Courtly Love Stages of Courtly Love Attraction to the lady, usually via eyes/glance Worship of the lady from afar Declaration of passionate devotion Virtuous rejection by the lady Renewed wooing with oaths of virtue & eternal fealty Moans of approaching death from unsatisfied desire (and other physical manifestations of lovesickness) Heroic deeds of valor which win the lady's heart Consummation of the secret love Endless adventures and subterfuges avoiding detection
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