First Aid Facts: Part One First Aid for Engineers
August 27th, 2003
First Aid Facts: Part One First Aid for Engineers
August 27th, 2003
Outline
Airway problems
Breathing problems
Circulation: bleeding and shock
Wounds
Assessment and treatment
Special considerations
Burns
Facial, ear and eye injuries
Head, neck and spinal injuries
Abdominal and chest trauma
Bone, joint and muscle injury
Respiratory System Anatomy
Respiratory System Physiology
Breathing allows CO2 to be expelled and O2 to be exchanged into the blood.
Without an open Airway breathing cannot occur.
Air is drawn into the body by negative pressure in the pleural cavity created by muscular contraction of the diaphragm
Airway evaluation
If victim is talking, crying or coughing the airway is open.
If the victim is unconscious and on their back then the tongue is most likely blocking the airway.
Two methods for opening the airway
Head tilt, chin lift - no suspicion of spinal injury
Jaw thrust – known or suspicion of spinal injury
Chin Lift and Head Tilt
Jaw Thrust
Inspection of Airway
Open Airway
Look for food or fluid
If no spinal injury then turn victim to recovery position
If foreign object seen or spinal injury then finger sweep
Wear a glove
Use a cloth to get liquid out
Recovery Position
Check for Breathing
“can you speak?”
Look - chest movement
Listen – air movement
Feel - air on cheek
Inadequate breathing
Less than 8 per minute
Blue lips
Increased effort with breathing
Rescue Breathing
Place your mouth over the victims mouth and pinch the nose closed.
Exhale into the victims mouth slowly, filling their lungs with the air from your lungs
Release and let the air come back out, turn and watch the chest fall.
Give one breath every 5 seconds in adults
If you are trained, use a “mouth to device” protective breathing apparatus
Obstructed Airway
Will lead to cardiac arrest
Usually food, blood or vomit
Partial airway obstruction
Cough present
Noises may be heard with respiration
May become blue
Complete obstruction
Cannot cough, speak or breath
Heimlich Maneuver
If victim becomes unconscious
Call EMS
Place victim on back and open airway
Look inside mouth – if cannot see anything do not do a finger sweep
Try to give rescue breaths
If these do not go in reposition the head and give another breath.
Perform abdominal thrusts
Causes:
Arrhythmia – electrocution, heart attack
No oxygen to heart – heart attack, respiratory arrest (choking, seizure, allergic reaction)
No blood to pump - Trauma
May respond to CPR
Brain damage occurs in 10 minutes
Bleeding
Arterial
Pulsating
Rapid
Venous
Smoother Flow
Slow
Capillary
Oozing
External Bleeding
Obvious
Internal Bleeding
Bruising
Painful, tender, rigid abdomen
Broken ribs or bruised chest
Bloody or black stools or vomit
Controlling Bleeding
Wear Personal Protection Equipment If Available
Expose the wound to see where bleeding is coming from
Three Steps
Direct Pressure
Elevation
Pressure point
Shock
Definition
No O2 to Tissue
Signs and Symptoms
Change in mental status
Skin Pale, Cold, Clammy (low BP)
Nausea and vomiting
Rapid Pulse and Rapid Breathing
Types of Shock
Cardiogenic – pump failure
Hypovolemic – loss of fluid
Neurogenic – pipes enlarge, too large for volume of fluid
Anaphylactic – loss of fluid and enlarged pipes
Septic – loss of fluid and enlarged pipes
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