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Faculty Rights and Other Scholarly Communication Practices Denise Troll Covey Principal Librarian for Special Projects Carnegie Mellon Digital Library Colloquium January 2007

Faculty Rights and Other Scholarly Communication Practices Denise Troll Covey Principal Librarian for Special Projects Carnegie Mellon Digital Library Colloquium January 2007

The Study: March – June 2006

Purpose Ascertain faculty practices & understanding regarding publishing & disseminating their work Enable the Libraries to target education, tools & services Identify triggers likely to change faculty behavior Pilot for a larger, multi-institution study Design Stratified random sample Invited more than needed Turned away 24 faculty Interviews averaged 30 minutes

24 3 2 19 Turned away 0 0 3 4 6 2 8 1 Turned away 72 4 7 15 11 12 3 11 9 Target 3 1 1 9 5 15 12 26 Target 87 4 0 1 10 7 14 14 37 Total 4 7 18 12 17 6 12 11 Total 4 Libraries 1 2 4 Tepper 6 3 1 8 SCS 2 1 2 1 6 MCS 1 3 2 5 6 H&SS 2 2 2 Heinz 2 1 2 7 CIT 1 3 3 4 CFA F M F M F M F M Library Research Teaching Tenure

Additional demographics

100% 9% 33% 27% 30% Female 91% 67% 73% 70% Male Library Research Teaching Tenure All tracks Gender 10% 20% 14% 60 + 75% 27% 48% 16% 28% 50-59 55% 24% 29% 30% 40-49 25% 18% 19% 35% 29% 30-39 Library Research Teaching Tenure All tracks Age

Interview Q&A

Influence Service Research Answers Faculty sometimes talked around the questions Based on previous answers, some questions weren’t asked Data indicate percentage of all faculty in category Questions Access Publishing Copyright

Selected Access & Publishing Questions

Value of web?

On the research track, appreciation of web as vehicle of dissemination increases with rank Men far more than women value web as dissemination No one age 50+ valued the web for preservation or other efficiencies

What does “open access” mean?

70+% all tracks, colleges, ages did not know prior to guessing Most likely to know Tenure track: faculty without tenure Other tracks: as get promoted through ranks Most likely to guess wrong Research track Age 50 & older Men

* Meaning of open access

Authors must retain the right to self-archive their work Materials are freely available on the public internet Authors retain control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited Users can read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose without financial, legal, or technical barriers Venues of open access Self-archiving by authors Open access journals Users can read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose without financial, legal, or technical barriers

* The open access impact advantage

Heard of the Creative Commons?

Only 33% have heard of the Creative Commons (CC) Some incorrectly think CC means no copyright

* Meaning of Creative Commons (CC)

Non-profit organization that provides free tools for authors to change © terms legally from All Rights Reserved to Some Rights Reserved Science Commons = Creative Commons working with the Scholarly Publishing & Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) to accelerate the movement of information, tools and data through the scientific research cycle by identifying and removing unnecessary legal and technical barriers Science Commons - Our long term vision is to provide more than just useful contracts. We will combine our publishing, data, and licensing approaches to develop solutions for a truly integrated and streamlined research process.

Do © terms affect choice of publisher?

77% are NOT influenced by © transfer terms 34% said © terms are not important Faculty in all tracks & all but one college said © is not important Only business school faculty did NOT say copyright transfer terms were not important Second likeliest to think not important: Tenure track, especially associate professors with or without tenure Most likely to be influenced: Tenure track: those without tenure Research track: associate & full professors Ages 30-39 and 60 & older Men Most likely to say © not important Research track, especially assistant professors Ages 40-49 and 50-59 Men

Keep copies of signed agreements?

– most likely not to keep copies: Associate & full research prof; Assoc & full prof with tenure Computer science, engineering, business Ages 40-49 Men Most likely to keep copies & not know where they are Library & teaching track; [check] Assistant research professors Humanities & social science Women

Tried to negotiate © transfer terms?

10% have tried to negotiate © terms for an article Of those who tried to negotiate Re–use of their work was top priority The right to self-archive was Of interest to only 3% of the faculty Of interest only to tenure track assistant & full professors in SCS & H&SS Of interest to women slightly more than men Not of interest to faculty ages 40-49 Faculty ages 40-49 most likely to try to negotiate book Self – archive = – of equal interest with the issue of exclusive transfer At least half of the faculty in each college & age range have NOT tried to negotiate © transfer terms for article Only business school faculty did NOT say copyright transfer terms were not important Second likeliest to think not important: Tenure track, especially associate professors with or without tenure Most likely to have tried: Tenure track Faculty ages 30-39 Men [CHECK] [FIX] 50+% in each college & age range have NOT tried Most likely not to have tried: Library track Assistant research professors [CHECK] Women

Negotiate if not allowed to self-archive?

44% would negotiate 73% research track 25% would not negotiate 16% would change or avoid the publisher 50% library track 8% would ignore the agreement 10% tenure track 9% research track Exception = of library track faculty 44% would negotiate – most likely: Research track 25% would not – most likely: Ages 40-49 & 60 and older Men 16% would change or avoid the publisher – most likely: Library track 8% would ignore the agreement – most likely: Tenure & research track Ages 40-49 Men

Selected Copyright Questions

Benefits to retaining copyright?

61% said control or flexibility; 8% didn’t know any benefits 24% said little if any value in retaining copyright 5% appeared to think U.S. © law includes moral rights ; few mentioned financial benefits 61% control or flexibility >35% each college 24% (faculty in all tracks & colleges) said little if any value in retaining copyright – most likely: Research track Ages 40-49, followed by 50-59 Men far more than women Some tenure & teaching track faculty didn’t know any benefits to retaining © REASONS FOR TRANSFERRING Most faculty in fine arts & public policy said transfer was beneficial Most faculty in all other colleges & on all faculty tracks said transfer was required or traditional Most faculty in the libraries had not transferred copyright

Why transfer copyright?

66% said because it is required or traditional 23% said because it is beneficial – publishers are better at disseminating their work than they are ; few mentioned financial benefits 61% control or flexibility >35% each college 24% (faculty in all tracks & colleges) said little if any value in retaining copyright – most likely: Research track Ages 40-49, followed by 50-59 Men far more than women Some tenure & teaching track faculty didn’t know any benefits to retaining © REASONS FOR TRANSFERRING Most faculty in fine arts & public policy said transfer was beneficial Most faculty in all other colleges & on all faculty tracks said transfer was required or traditional Most faculty in the libraries had not transferred copyright

Understand rights in agreements?

Exception = of library track faculty With exception of library, fewer than half the faculty on each track said they understand the rights in their agreements 15% do not read their agreements carefully or worry about their rights Mostly research and tenure track Only men ages 30-39 and 40-49

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Faculty Rights and Other Scholarly Communication Practices Denise Troll Covey Principal Librarian for Special Projects Carnegie Mellon Digital Library Colloquium January 2007
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