Photograph of Boston Skyline taken at 10 a.m. on January 12, 2001 Photograph from CAMNET web site (http://hazecam.net) PM2.5 concentration at this time in the 9-11 g/m3 range
Photograph of Boston Skyline taken at 10 a.m. on January 12, 2001 Photograph from CAMNET web site (http://hazecam.net) PM2.5 concentration at this time in the 9-11 g/m3 range
Photograph of Boston Skyline taken at 10 a.m. on January 8, 2001 PM2.5 concentration at this time in the 55-65 g/m3 range Photograph from CAMNET web site (http://hazecam.net)
PM10 - causes and features
Total acidity, tar
Nitrates, sulphates (?)
Heavy Metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, As, Hg, ...)
Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Nitro Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Sooth / Elemental Carbon (EC) Speciation of particulate matter
Fonte: ARPA
Fonte: ARPA
Scaling selecting representative sites
Origin of fine particle concentrations (PM10) measured on a busy traffic spot
Sectors contributing to
...PM10 on a busy traffic spot from all sources within the city ...PM10 on a busy traffic spot from all sources
Source apportionment summary table
PM10-source attribution summary(i)
We need to tackle exhaust and non-exhaust emissions by traffic PM10 emissions by construction contribute to more than 5% of the urban PM - background
70% of urban background PM10 can be attributed to transport sources
more than half of traffic related PM10 stems from tyre abrasion and resuspended particulates, which depends on the number of vehicles
PM10-source attribution summary(ii)
We need a fare balance between
efforts on EU-level and
local measures
when reviewing the preliminary PM-limit values for 2010 More than 1/3 of roadside PM10 - pollution can be traced back to sources outside of the Greater Berlin agglomeration
more than 40% of PM10-pollution are secondary particles
PM10-episodes are often dominated by regional/large scale transport of PM
PM-source apportionment approach (i) select monitoring sites representative for local, urban & regional background
calculate PM-pollution originating with each of these scale categories
take urban (Berlin) and national (German) emissions for PM, SO2, NOx, VOC and NH4 per sector for attributing pollution of urban background and regional background origin, respectively
distribute PM emissions among EC (elemental carbon), OC (organic carbon)- components and “rest”
attach VOC-related ‘component’ to OC
PM-source apportionment approach (ii) apply weighting factors to “resuspension” and high sources, so as to account for different dispersion characteristic
calculate each sector’s percentage share on the total emissions
for measured PM-components originating in urban & regional background: use these percentages as a key for apportionment among sectors
for local (traffic) scale: allocate “rest” to resuspended road dust, EC & OC to exhaust and tyre emissions
Trend and projection of emission of particulates in Berlin
Control measures already on the way Expected total PM10 reduction by 2005 National Emission Ceilings
cleaner vehicles (Dir 98/69)
cleaner fuels (Dir 98/70)
particle filter for all public buses
further substitution of coal by gas, oil and district-heating
total:
needed:
~ 2%
~ 5%
~ 3%
~ 2 %
~ 2%
~14%
~25%
Control measures possible further actions
~ ?%
~ 3%
~ 2%
~ 3%
~ 7% Expected total PM10 reduction by 2005 accelerated turnover of car fleet
tax incentives for EURO III-V
gas-driven vehicles in captured fleets (taxis, driving schools, refuse collection,...)
full supply of sulfur free diesel
no more coal heating
strong reduction (50%) of PM emission by construction
reduction (50%) of resuspension in main roads
I I I B B E E E E E S S S UK UK F F CH D IS Concentrazione media di PM 2.5 in inverno
Panoramica sulla salute respiratoria nella Comunità Europea Nov 2000 - Feb 2001 E Papa è a letto
Comments