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Diagnostica del paziente nefropatico1. Volume VN = 1000 - 1500 ml/die < 100 = Anuria < 500 = oliguria > 1500 - 2000 = poliuria 2. Colore - Aspetto - Giallo paglierino Urocromo - Rosso - Marrone Emoglobina Mioglobina Farmaci - Blu - Verde Blu di metilene - Torbido Urati,

Diagnostica del paziente nefropatico

1. Volume VN = 1000 - 1500 ml/die < 100 = Anuria < 500 = oliguria > 1500 - 2000 = poliuria 2. Colore - Aspetto - Giallo paglierino Urocromo - Rosso - Marrone Emoglobina Mioglobina Farmaci - Blu - Verde Blu di metilene - Torbido Urati, fosfati - Lattescente Pus - Scuro - Nero Porfirine, melanina - Schiumoso Proteine, acidi biliari 3. Peso specifico (misura indiretta della capacità renale di concentrazione) VN = 1020 - 1030 False elevazioni : Mezzi di contrasto Glucosio Proteinuria Esame delle urine (1) a) Esame macroscopico

Esame delle urine (3)

1.pH (VN = 4.5 - 8.5) Urine acide: (Dieta iperproteica, riposo notturno, digiuno, chetosi diabetica, TBC renale, acidosi respiratoria, iperuricemia) Urine alcaline: (Dieta ricca di vegetali e/o latte, alcalosi respiratoria, acidosi tubulare, infezioni delle vie urinarie, alcalosi metabolica) 2. Proteine (VN = 50 -150 mg/die) 3. Osmolarità (VN = 600 - 1200 mOsm/l) 4. Na urinario 5. Corpi chetonici (Digiuno, alcolismo, chetosi diabetica) 6. Glicosuria (Difetto tubulare prossimale, diabete) c) Esame microscopico Sedimento urinario Cellule Valori normali Emazie 0 - 3 p.c.m. Leucociti 0 - 5 p.c.m. Epiteliali 0 - 2 p.c.m. Batteri Cilindri Significato Ialini Proteinuria Leucocitari Nefrite interstiziale Ematici Proliferazione Granulosi Degen. epit. tub. Cerei Necrosi tub. Broad casts Atrofia tubulare Cristalli Urati (urine acide) Fosfati (urine alcaline) Ossalati (urine acide) b) Esame chimico

Three urine samples are shown. The one at the left shows a red, cloudy appearance. The one in the center is red but clear. The one on the right is yellow, but cloudy.

These are oxalate crystals, which look like little envelopes (or tetrahedrons, depending upon your point of view). Oxalate crystals are common.

These "triple phosphate" crystals look like rectangles, or coffin lids if you are feeling depressed.

These cystine crystals are shaped like stop signs. Cystine crystals are quite rare.

Red blood cells in urine appear as refractile disks. With hypertonicity of the urine, the RBC's begin to have a crenated appearance

Note the irregular outlines of many of these RBC's, compared to two relatively normal RBC's at the center left of the right panel. These abnormal RBC's are dysmorphic RBC's.

These white blood cells in urine have lobed nuclei and refractile cytoplasmic granules.

Oval fat bodies consist of degenerated tubular cells containing abundant lipid, which appears refractile.

Under polarized light, oval fat bodies demonstrate the "Maltese cross" appearance.

Large polygonal squamous epithelial cells with small nuclei are seen here.

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Name: 
urine
Author: 
Paolo Menè
Company: 
Nefrologia
Description: 
Diagnostica del paziente nefropatico1. Volume VN = 1000 - 1500 ml/die < 100 = Anuria < 500 = oliguria > 1500 - 2000 = poliuria 2. Colore - Aspetto - Giallo paglierino Urocromo - Rosso - Marrone Emoglobina Mioglobina Farmaci - Blu - Verde Blu di metilene - Torbido Urati,
Tags: 
urin | cast | cell | appear | tubular | red | blood | crystal
Created: 
10/20/2000 12:26:46 PM
Slides: 
36
Views: 
25
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0
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